Track Categories

The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.

Over 10% of all people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Diabetes will develop at any age, but most frequently occurs in children & adolescents. It is caused by an autoimmune reaction where the body’s defence system attacks the cells that produce insulin. In type 1 diabetes, body produces very little or no insulin, which means that need daily insulin injections to maintain blood glucose levels under control. At present, type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body does not fully respond to the insulin. It is because insulin cannot work properly, blood glucose levels will be rising, releasing more insulin. For some people with type 2 diabetes this can exhaust the pancreas, resulting in the body producing less insulin, causing even higher blood sugar levels.

Endocrine disorders can cause significant medical problems during childhood and adolescence that may have lifelong health and psychological effects. High blood glucose levels with elevated A1C levels are associated with long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, especially at young ages, may cause short- and long-term adverse effects on cognitive function and lead to hypoglycemia unawareness and may be associated with significant emotional morbidity for the child and parents. Development of metabolic complications correlated with obesity during childhood track into adulthood and develop the risk for type 2 diabetes and early cardiovascular disease. Clustering of these metabolic abnormalities, which include insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia, constitutes the metabolic syndrome, which may affect up to 50% of overweight adolescents. Other serious disorders associated with obesity and insulin resistance include polycystic ovary disease and fatty liver.

Diabetes and cancer are prevalent diseases with high impact on health worldwide. Epidemiologic witness suggests that people with diabetes are at significantly higher risk for many forms of cancer. Type 2 diabetes and cancer share several risk factors, but possible biologic links between the two diseases are incompletely understood. Moreover, witness from observational studies suggests that some medications used to treat hyperglycemia are correlated with either increased or reduced risk of cancer.

Kidney disease is far more prevalent in people with diabetes than in people without diabetes. It is caused by damage to small blood vessels, which can cause the kidneys to be less efficient, or to fail altogether. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pooled data from 54 countries declares that more than 80% of cases of end-stage renal disease are caused by diabetes, hypertension or a combination of both. Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure, which is a risk for hypertension, and hypertension can often precede CKD and contribute to the progression of kidney disease. Both diabetes and CKD are strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and therefore, the major component in their management is control of CVD risk factors such as hypertension and high blood glucose. It is important to control blood glucose and blood pressure to reduce the risk of kidney disease.

Women who have diabetes before they get pregnant will have special health concerns. In addition, the new demands that a pregnancy will put on your body, it will also affect their blood sugar levels & diabetes medications. High blood sugar levels during the initial stage of the pregnancy can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage & diabetes-related complications. Some babies are too big to be delivered vaginally, and you'll need a cesarean delivery or c-section.

Diabetic foot is one of the most prevalent, costly and serious complications of diabetes. Amputation in people with diabetes is 10 to 20 times more common than in people without diabetes and it is estimated that every 30 seconds a lower limb or part of a lower limb is lost somewhere in the world as an effect of diabetes. Diabetic foot can result in a significant economic, social, and public health burden; especially in low-income communities, if there is neither an appropriate educational programme, nor adequate and suitable footwear.

Cardiovascular disease is in fact the number one cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Researchers are using the term "cardiodiabetes" to define the co-occurrence of diabetes and significant cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is no absolute predictor of a "cardiovascular event" such as heart attack or stroke, nor is there any 100 percent accurate predictor of CVD, cardiovascular disease.

 

Diabetic retinopathy destructs the blood vessels within the retinal tissue, causing them to leak fluid and distort vision. Diabetic retinopathy typically starts without any noticeable change in vision. Treating DR depends on many factors, including the severity and type of DR, and how the person with DR has responded to previous treatments. However, patients with diabetes who successfully maintain their blood sugar levels will help to prevent the onset of a severe form of DR.

Diabetes can be hard on women especially. The burden of diabetes on women is unique because of disease can affect both the mothers and unborn babies. Women’s body have two main reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone which can affect blood glucose by changing how body reacts to insulin. When estrogen levels are high, cells become more sensitive to insulin. But when estrogen is low and progesterone is high, women will experience insulin resistance, that is, more insulin is required to help cells take in glucose from the blood. Diabetes can cause difficulties during pregnancy like miscarriage, or the baby may bear defects. Women with diabetes are prone heart attack.

 

The endocrine system plays an important role in human reproduction and sexuality. In men, the testes (testicles) produce testosterone. Throughout life, testosterone helps to maintain muscle and bone mass, sperm production, and sex drive. The testes synthesize two important products: testosterone and sperm. The synthesis of both products is monitored by endocrine hormones produced in the hypothalamus and pituitary, as well as locally within the testis. Testosterone is essential for sperm production, however both testosterone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are needed for optimal testicular development and maximal sperm production.

 

Parathyroid disorders lead to anomalous levels of calcium in the blood that can cause brittle bones, kidney stones, fatigue, weakness, and other problems. Hypersecretion of parathyroid gland may lead to brittle bones that fracture easily and stones in the urinary system. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder identified by decreased mass and compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fractures.  Secondary osteoporosis can be present in pre- and post-menopausal women and in men. Up to 30% of post-menopausal women and 50–80% of men are found to have factors contributing to osteoporosis when undergoing an evaluation for underlying causes of the disease.

 

Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening exacerbation of adrenal insufficiency due to increased physiologic demand (infection) or decreased supply (discontinuation of steroid therapy) of cortisol. It usually occurs in response to a major stress, such as acute myocardial infarction, sepsis, surgery, major injury, trauma, or other illnesses in any patient with primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency. In this situation, the adrenal gland fails to mount a stress response via increasing circulating cortisol levels. The most frequent iatrogenic cause of acute adrenal crisis is rapid withdrawal of steroids in patients with adrenal atrophy secondary to long-term steroid administration.

Pituitary disorders are mainly due to either too much, or too little secretion of pituitary hormone in the body. These disorders can result in a wide variety of different clinical conditions, depending on which hormone signals are disrupted. Thyroid disorders are conditions that cause serious defects in the thyroid gland. The thyroid has significant roles to regulate numerous metabolic processes throughout the body. Since the thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, disorders of these tissues can also affect thyroid function and it will lead to thyroid problems.

 

Obesity is a prevailing and growing public health problem. Overweight and obesity are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many cardiovascular disease risk factors are elevated in overweight and obese individuals, including dyslipidemia and inflammation, among others. Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, has both metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties. Multiple studies have described the relationship between adiponectin and obesity in several human populations. On average, obese women give birth to babies with high fat mass. Placental lipid metabolism alters fetal lipid delivery. LDL Cholesterol plays a prominent role in this "diabetic dyslipidemia" and is considered strongly atherogenic, more a cause than a simple marker of increased risk. The variant known as VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein, seems particularly dangerous--though it appears a rise in HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol may moderate its destructive action, even without a corresponding drop in LDL numbers.

A neuroendocrine tumor can grow in spots like your pancreas, a gland in your belly. It can also grow in your stomach, intestines, or lungs. These tumor cells have traits of both hormone-producing endocrine cells and nerve cells. They are found throughout the body’s organs and helps to control many of the body’s functions. Hormones are chemical substances that are carried through the bloodstream to have a distinct effect on the activity of other organs or cells in the body. All NETs are considered as malignant tumors.

 

Endocrinologists are equipped to treat a range of endocrine disorders and dysfunctions.  Limitations in appropriate and timely use of insulin delay the achievement of good glycemic control. Wide-ranging efforts must be made to eliminate negative perception of insulin therapy in the community. Patient and physician targeted programs to increase awareness in different conditions of diabetes care must be commenced across all levels of healthcare ensuring uniformity of information.

 

Many hormone disorders, such as an underactive thyroid, can be treated with daily hormone medication. Some diseases may require more complex treatment, such as surgery. An endocrinologist can analyse treatment options and help to choose the best one. Blood and urine tests to check your hormone levels can help the doctors to determine about the endocrine disorder. Imaging tests may be done to identify tumor in the body. Treatment of endocrine disorders can be complicated, as a change in one hormone level can deceive another.

Health Care professionals can diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes through blood tests. The blood tests show if your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high or low. Some people will not have any direct symptoms but may have some indirect risk factors for diabetes and need to be tested. Testing allows health care professionals to find diabetes sooner and work with their patients to manage diabetes and prevent complications. Doctors usually investigates type 1 diabetes in children and young adults. Because type 1 diabetes can run in families, a study called Trial Net offers free testing to family members of people with the disease, even if they don’t have symptoms. Experts suggests testing children between the ages of 10 and 18 who are overweight or obese and have at least two other risk factors for developing diabetes.

 

Healthy eating is the major part of managing diabetes. Eating the right foods and following other lifestyle behaviours that develop healthy blood sugar and insulin levels will give you the best chance at avoiding diabetes. There are a few herbs that may help increase insulin sensitivity and reduce the likelihood of diabetes progression which are curcumin and berberine. The major goal in treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes is to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels within the normal range. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin, exercise, and a healthy diet. Type 2 diabetes is treated with weight reduction, a type 2 diabetes diet, and exercise, diabetes medications (oral or injected) are prescribed when these measures fail to control the elevated blood sugars of type 2 diabetes. If other medications become ineffective treatment with insulin may be initiated.